Military

1. Small cannon.
2. There is evidence that these small cannons were fired by the English at the siege of Calais (1346), during the Hundred Years' War. See: Baumgartner, Frederic J., Handarms and firearms (Salem Press Encyclopedia, January, 2015).

[NB: This English term was added to the glossary merely to help understand the range of piroballistic weapons already available during the later Middle-Ages.]

1. Marches garrison.
2. Officer of the Marches and respective garrison.

Wooden piles; supports made out of wooden spars.

1. Tari; type of bit used in bridles for jennets, a lighter horse popular in the Middle Ages.
2. Bibl:  Meleiro, Mário José Silva, '"Novidade de Pallavras" no Português do Século XV', Ph.D. thesis in Historical Linguistics (Universidade Clássica de Lisboa, 2011), ch. 3, p. 110.

Mine; excavation under a castle or city wall to gain underground access and/or to undermine it.

Chief crossbowman. [Pedro, ch. 20: 53]

1. Cat.
2. Protection device for a group of soldiers, which included a pole with a pick or small ram used to claw at the stones of a castle in order to open a hole on its walls.

1. Sow.
2. Protection device consisting of a wooden structure covered with uncured cow hides, clay or other flame-resistent materials, used to protect groups of soldiers attacking or undermining the wall of a castle at close quarters.

1. Ram, battering ram.
2. Siege engine consisting of a strong long pole with and iron-clad end, often in the shape of a ram, used to breach walls or doorways.

1. Siege engine, siege machine, siege weapon.
2. Fernão Lopes seems to use the word "engenho" as a generic term that can be applied to a range of siege engines employed to throw projectiles, usually stones, against or over castle walls. The term can include trebuchets, catapults or mangonels.
3. Enrique II of Castile called for four siege engines to assist in the 1373 siege of Lisbon. [Fernando, ch. 80: 46-47]