Military

1. Vambrace, bracer.
2. Part of an armour used to protect the arm, especially the front part of the arm.
3. Bibl: J. Gouveia Monteiro, A Guerra em Portugal em fins da Idade Média (Lisboa: Editorial Notícias, 1998), p. 535.

1. Lieutenant.  [CKJ1, ch. 44]
2. Alferes da bandeira: Standard-bearer, flag bearer. [CKJ1, ch. 92]

1. Calkin; caulkin; iron cleat (on horseshoe).
2. Downward projection of the tip in each arm of a horseshoe in order to give the horse better grip on the ground.
3. Canelo da ferradura = horseshoe calkin.

1. Protected by a pavisade (screen made with a set of large shields or pavises).
2. Fitted with protective shields.

1. Banner. [CKJ1, ch. 66]
2. Flag indicating nationality.

1. Keep; citadel.
2. Fortress with a seigneurial residence.

1. Rampart.
2. Defensive wall encircling a castle or city, usually wide enough to allow for a walkway on the top.

1. Glaive.
2. Polearm consisting of a long wooden pole topped by a long single-edged blade. It had a long reach, it was effective and inexpensive to produce, hence King Fernando's inclusion of this weapon in his 1373 ordinance. [Fernando, ch. 87: 62]

1. Rubble.
2. During the second Guerra Fernandina, King Enrique II of Castile ordered four siege engines to throw rubble, pedra perdida, at the walls of the besieged city of Lisbon (1373). [Fernando ch. 80: 45-47]

1. Set of artillery equipment consiting of a series of smaller cannons fixed on a platform, often a whelled platform, and having the capability of firing almost simultaneously, used mainly during 15th-17th century.
2. Large crossbow fixed to a wheeled base or to the walls of a fortress.
3. The term comes from the French ribaut or ribaude.

[Obs: This English term has been added to the glossary merely asa reference, to help understand the range of piroballistic weapons available in the later Middle-Ages.]