A wide range of coins were in circulation, not all of them issued by a Portuguese monarch. Arab coins, like the gold dinar or the silver dirham could circulate side by side with other coins minted in Portugal.
Problems caused by consecutive waves of war and plague affected the Portuguese economy and led to the devaluation of currency several times over, especially during the reigns of King Fernando (1367-1383) and King João I (1385-1433).
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